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Judo (Japanese: judo) is a martial art, a sport and a Japanese philosophy. It is also a framework for the formation of the individual in the moral sense and character.

Judo (Japanese: judo) is an art and officially became an Olympic discipline in 1964, in Tokyo, and represented at the Athens Olympics 2004, the third most universal sports, with athletes from 98 countries.

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Description
"Judo is the nature of flowing water to reach a balanced level. He did not own form, but it takes one of its container, is permanent and eternal as space and time, is indomitable and penetrates everywhere. Invisible to the vapor state, however, has the power to break the crust of the earth. Frozen into a glacier has the hardness of the rock. Makes countless services and its utility has no limits. Here it is, swirling in Niagara Falls, in the calm surface of a lake, threatening in a stream or a thirst-quenching fresh spring discovered in a summer day. "
(Gunji Koizumi, 8-dan (1886-1964))

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The word judo consists of two kanji (Chinese characters): (ju, adaptable, flexible) and? (C, A etc.) and means something like "Way of Flexibility" with this, trying to explain that the way to win is not a force to oppose it, but the opposite, using it and directing it to its end. Under the weight of snow the branches of the willow bend so you can download and return to the ground so the natural position, as opposed to the "robust" oak finish but to break. The theme of appeasement to the enemy force is essential in the culture of the samurai warrior, as it reflects one of the concepts expressed sometimes in Buddhism and especially in the Chinese classic known as "Book of Changes" (Yijing), which states that the universe is governed by current must be channeled into force and that these currents by applying the minimum force necessary to obtain control. Oppose it but does not bring any result because it would remain without power.

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Judo has its origins in ancient jujitsu: its founder Jigoro Kano studied various schools of jujitsu, and deepened coming to get the degree of Shihan (master) in two of these, called Tenshin Shin'yo (specializing in Katame waza, ie grappling, chokes, joint locks) and Kito (specializing in Nage waza throwing techniques on the ground). The latter was famous for practicing uchi yoroi gumi (fighting in armor), a kind of randori (free practice) with projection techniques, unlike other schools that primarily practiced kata (prearranged forms). His studies enabled him in 1882 to found a new school where he taught his method which he named Kodokan Judo.

The 1853 marks a historic date for Japan: Commodore Perry, U.S. Navy, go into Tokyo Bay with a fleet of 4 warships delivering a message with the Shogun which demanded the opening of ports and trade treaties. The Shogun, probably intimidated by the show of force, put the decision in the hands of the Emperor, who accepted the proposals. For Japan, which until then had lived in complete isolation from the rest of the world, began the modern era. The final fall of the last shogun in 1867 took place permanently restored to imperial power, to sign a definitive exit from the feudal period of Japan, promulgated in 1876 by an edict which forbade the port of swords, decreeing the death of the social class of Samurai, who had dominated for nearly a thousand years.

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source: http://www.100ma.it/index.php/stili/arti-marziali/judo